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原帖由gongke1979于2008-05-27 10:27发表: 感谢全国人民和所有同胞为我们四川汶川大地震的支持和帮助!天佑中华 【资料成文时间】: 2008年2月3日 【语言】:中文 【页数】: 441 【何人所著】: 编者自己 【文件格式】: PDF 【文件原名】: GSM网络优化教程V2.0 【摘要或目录】: 把前面版本中的许多错误和谬误之处进行了修订 第一部分 GSM网络基础....................................1 第1 章 GSM系统原理..................................2 1.1 蜂窝系统概念....................................2 1.1.1 蜂窝小区................................2 1.1.2 频率复用方式.....................................3 1.1.3 载干比.....................................4 1.2 GSM 频率配置...............................................5 1.3 GSM 通信系统组成......................................6 1.3.1 系统的组成.........................................6 1.3.2 交换网路子系统.........................................7 1.3.3 无线基站子系统.......................................8 1.3.4 移动台...........................................8 1.3.5 GSM 网络区域概念.....................................9 1.4 GSM 空中接口技术..............................9 1.4.1 时分多址技术(TDMA) .............................9 1.4.2 时分多址(TDMA)帧结构..........................10 1.4.3 突发脉冲序列(Burst) ........................12 1.4.4 逻辑信道..........................................14 1.5 逻辑信道到物理信道的映射........................18 1.5.1 小区信道配置....................................18 1.5.2 控制信道的映射.......................................18 1.5.3 业务信道的映射...............................22 1.5.4 SCH 测量....................................23 1.5.5 常用基站信道配置..............................23 1.6 话音编码....................................24 1.7 信道编码.....................................25 1.7.1 信道编码原理..............................25 1.7.2 话音信道编码.....................................27 1.7.3 控制信道编码...............................28 1.8 交织技术.......................................29 1.8.1 交织技术的一般原理..........................29 1.8.2 GSM 系统中交织方式...........................30 1.9 时间色散与均衡..................................33 1.10 GMSK 调制﹡................................35 1.11 时间提前量.................................36 1.12 不连续发射和非连续接收..........................38 1.12.1 不连续发射(DTX).............................38 1.12.2 非连续接收(DRX)与寻呼组.....................39 1.13 功率控制.........................................40 1.14 跳频技术.............................................................42 1.14.1 跳频分类............................................................42 1.14.2 跳频算法...........................................................43 1.15 编号计划..................................................................47 1.16 保密措施............................................................50 1.16.1 提供三参数组..................................................50 1.16.2 鉴权.....................................................................51 1.16.3 加密...................................................................54 1.16.4 设备识别.............................................................55 1.16.5 临时识别码(TMSI) ..........................................56 1.16.6 PIN 码...............................................................57 第2 章 GSM接口协议........................................................58 2.1 GSM 系统接口与协议................................................58 2.1.1 GSM 系统接口.......................................................58 2.1.2 GSM 功能分层结构..............................................60 2.1.3 GSM 系统主要接口协议.........................................61 2.2 GSM 接口协议特点................................................64 2.3 GSM 空中接口物理层................................................64 2.4 GSM 空中接口链路层...................................................66 2.5 GSM 空中接口网络层.....................................................70 2.6 其它接口GSM 专用协议...................................................75 2.7 LAPD 协议..................................................................78 第3 章 GSM通信流程......................................................81 3.1 MS 状态.............................................................81 3.2 网络选择.............................................................82 3.3 小区选择...............................................................83 3.3.1 小区选择标准...................................................84 3.3.2 小区选择流程.......................................................84 3.3.3 小区选择参数C1 ..............................................86 3.3.4 小区接入控制.....................................................86 3.4 小区重选.....................................................87 3.5 位置更新........................................................89 3.5.1 LA(位置区) ...............................................89 3.5.2 正常位置更新.....................................................90 3.5.3 IMSI Attach/Detach(附着/分离)...................................92 3.5.4 周期性位置更新...............................................94 3.6 初始化.............................................................95 3.7 MS 主叫...........................................................96 3.7.1 手机主叫信令流程................................................97 3.7.2 几点说明..........................................................104 3.8 寻呼(Paging)........................................................105 3.9 MS 被叫...............................................................106 3.9.1 被叫寻找过程.........................................................107 3.9.2 被叫接续过程......................................................108 3.10 切换.................................................................110 3.10.1 切换流程........................................................110 3.10.2 小区内切换............................................. 111 3.10.3 BSC 内切换..................................... 111 3.10.4 相同MSC 不同BSC 间的切换..................113 3.10.5 不同MSC 间切换..........................................114 3.11 LOCATING(定位)...........................................116 3.11.1 测量和报告处理........................................117 3.11.2 测量报告的时间评估...........................................118 3.11.3 紧急情况分析...................................................118 3.11.4 惩罚处理......................................................119 3.11.5 Locating 排队............................................................120 3.11.6 内切换评价.....................................................123 3.11.7 产生切换候选小区排队清单..................................123 3.12 释放..................................................................123 3.13 系统消息...................................................................125 3.13.1 系统消息1..............................................................127 3.13.2 系统消息2..........................................................128 3.13.3 系统消息3......................................................128 3.13.4 系统消息4...........................................................128 3.13.5 系统消息5.....................................................128 3.13.6 系统消息6......................................................129 3.13.7 系统消息7/8......................................................129 3.14 短消息流程....................................................129 3.14.1 发送短消息...................................................129 3.14.2 接收短消息................................................130 3.15 呼叫异常流程...................................................131 第4 章 GSM信令基础...................................................137 4.1 NO.7 信令系统概述.....................................................137 4.1.1 共路信令的概念和特点...............................................137 4.1.2 CCS7 信令网..........................................................138 4.2 七号信令系统的功能级结构............................................139 4.2.1 功能级结构原理......................................................139 4.2.2 七号信令系统的功能级结构..........................................140 4.2.3 七号信令信号单元格式.................................................141 4.3 消息传递部分(MTP)....................................................144 4.3.1 信令数据链路..........................................................144 4.3.2 信令链路功能..........................................................145 4.3.3 信令网功能.............................................................146 4.4 信令连接控制部分(SCCP) ...............................................147 4.4.1 概述......................................................................147 4.4.2 SCCP 的特点和功能.................................................148 4.4.3 SCCP 的寻址选路功能...............................................151 4.4.4 SCCP 消息格式简介........................................................152 4.5 事务能力应用部分(TCAP)................................................157 4.5.1 概述.....................................................................157 4.5.2 TCAP 的基本结构......................................................158 4.5.3 TCAP 消息结构简介..................................................159 4.6 移动应用部分(MAP) ...................................................159 4.6.1 概述....................................................................159 4.6.2 MAP 消息..........................................................160 4.7 电话用户部分(TUP) .................................................161 4.7.1 TUP 概述及基本特点..............................................161 4.7.2 TUP 消息格式和编码...............................................162 4.7.3 TUP 主要消息举例....................................................163 4.7.4 TUP 在MSC 中的特点.................................................169 4.7.5 基本呼叫的信令程序..............................................170 第二部分 GSM网络规划.........................................................211 第7 章 网络规划概述..............................................212 7.1 网络规划设计概述.........................................................212 7.1.1 规划设计目的...........................................................212 7.1.2 GSM 网络规划概述.......................................................212 7.1.3 GSM 网络规划设计步骤.................................................215 7.2 规划设计依据.................................................................217 7.2.1 覆盖容量目标..........................................................217 7.2.2 网络性能指标.........................................................217 7.3 站址选择与勘察..............................................................218 7.3.1 站址设计..................................................................218 7.3.2 无线环境勘测...............................................................220 7.3.3 时间色散.................................................................220 7.4 网络规划流程................................................................221 第8 章 话务理论与小区规划......................................................224 8.1 话务量理论.................................................................224 8.1.1 话务量和话务流量........................................................224 8.1.2 呼损率....................................................................224 8.1.3 爱尔兰公式...............................................................224 8.2 基站容量规划............................................................228 8.2.1 话务量规划..........................................................228 8.2.2 话音信道分配...........................................................229 8.2.3 控制信道分配.......................................................230 8.3 位置区设计...............................................................233 8.3.1 位置区的定义........................................................233 8.3.2 位置区划分......................................................234 8.3.3 位置区计算....................................................234 8.3.4 其它...............................................................235 第9 章 GSM网络规划......................................................236 9.1 小区基站参数设计.....................................................236 9.2 链路平衡和系统覆盖..............................................237 9.2.1 上下行平衡...........................................................237 9.2.2 小区覆盖估算.........................................................239 9.3 双频网规划..........................................................240 9.3.1 组建双频网的必要性...............................................240 9.3.2 GSM1800 的传播特性和覆盖方案.................................240 9.4 室内分布系统.....................................................244 9.4.1 室内分布系统建设原则..........................................244 9.4.2 工程勘测原则......................................................245 9.4.3 室内分布系统工程设计规范.....................................246 9.4.4 室内传播模型........................................................248 9.4.5 室内分布系统设计................................................249 9.4.6 室内分布系统天线选用...........................................250 9.4.7 频率规划........................................................251 9.4.8 话务控制..................................................252 9.5 直放站规划....................................................252 9.5.1 直放站概述...............................................252 9.5.2 直放站的技术要求.............................................254 9.5.3 直放站与基站的比较.........................................255 9.5.4 GSM 直放站分类.................................................256 9.5.5 直放站工程设计与调测.............................................259 9.5.6 直放站的输出功率控制...............................................265 9.5.7 直放站背景噪声的影响..........................................265 9.5.8 直放站的选型与安装..............................................266 9.5.9 GSM 光纤直放站.....................................................269 第10 章 频率规划①...........................................................274 10.1 蜂窝结构的形成规则.....................................................274 10.2 干扰模型................................................................275 10.3 分组频率复用技术........................................................279 10.4 多重频率复用MRP .....................................................282 10.5 同心圆(Concentric Cell)技术..........................................285 10.6 小区分裂与频率规划............................................288 第11 章 GSM参数设计② .....................................................290 11.1 前言................................................................290 11.2 公共数据...........................................................291 11.2.1 小区全球识别码(CGI) .............................................291 11.2.2 基站识别码(BSIC) ............................................292 11.2.3 BCCH 载频发射功率(BSPWRB) ............................294 11.2.4 BCCH 载波频率(BCCHNO)..................................294 11.2.5 MS 最大发射功率(MSTXPWR)..................................295 11.2.6 帧偏置(FNOFFSET) ............................................296 11.2.7 BCCH 组合类型(BCCHTYPE) ................................297 11.2.8 SDCCH/8 信道数(SDCCH) .......................................297 11.2.9 小区广播信道(CBCH) .............................................298 11.3 寻呼参数............................................................299 11.3.1 接入允许保留块数(AGBLK) .................................299 11.3.2 寻呼复帧数(MFRMS)............................................300 11.3.3 公共控制信道配置(CCCH_CONF)...............................302 11.4 空闲模式........................................................303 11.4.1 最小接入电平(ACCMIN) ......................................303 11.4.2 控制信道最大发射功率(CCHPWR) .........................305 11.4.3 小区重选滞后(CRH)...........................................306 11.4.4 允许的网络色码(NCCPERM) ..................................307 11.4.5 BCCH 系统消息开关(SIMSG 和MSGDIST)..................308 11.4.6 小区接入禁止(CB).............................................309 11.4.7 小区禁止限制(CBQ)...........................................310 11.4.8 接入控制等级(ACC)...........................................311 11.4.9 最大重发次数(MAXRET) ...................................313 11.4.10 发送分布时隙数(TX)...........................................314 11.4.11 IMSI 结合分离允许(ATT) ..................................316 11.4.12 周期位置更新定时器(T3212)................................317 11.4.13 小区重选参数指示(PI).......................................318 11.4.14 小区重选偏置(CRO)、临时偏置(TO)和惩罚时间(PT)318 11.5 位置..................................................................321 11.5.1 算法类型(EVALTYPE) ............................................321 11.5.2 上行无线链路超时(RLINKUP)....................................321 11.5.3 下行无线链路超时(RLINKT) ..................................322 11.6 信道管理/TCH 上的立即指配..........................................323 11.6.1 新建原因指示(NECI)...............................................323 11.7 动态功率控制............................................................324 11.7.1 MS 动态功率控制状态(DMPSTATE) ...........................324 11.7.2 BTS 动态功率控制状态(DBPSTATE) ..........................325 11.8 不连续发射............................................................325 11.8.1 下行不连续发射(DTXD).............................................325 11.8.2 上行不连续发射(DTXU)............................................326 11.9 跳频..................................................................326 11.9.1 跳频状态(HOP) ....................................................326 11.9.2 跳频序列号(HSN) ...................................................327 11.10 小区内切换............................................................328 11.10.1 小区内切换开关(IHO).............................................328 11.11 指配到其它小区............................................................329 11.11.1 指配其它小区允许(ASSOC) ....................................329 11.12 双BA 表..................................................................330 11.12.1 BCCH 频率表(MBCCHNO) .........................................330 11.12.2 频率表类型(LISTTTYPE) ...........................................331 11.13 空闲信道测量...........................................................332 11.13.1 空闲信道测量状态(ICMSTATE).....................................332 11.13.2 信道分配开关(NOALLOC) ..........................................333 11.13.3 空闲信道干扰电平平均周期(INTAVE) .........................334 11.13.4 干扰带边界(LIMITn)..................................................334 11.14 多频段操作.............................................................335 11.14.1 多频段指示(MBCR) ...................................................335 11.14.2 CLASSMARK 早送控制(ECSC).................................337 11.15 小区参数表...................................................338 第三部分 GSM网络优化.........................................................344 第12 章 GSM 干扰分析......................................................345 12.1 前言....................................................................345 12.2 干扰的定位和排查步骤....................................................346 12.3 内部干扰..................................................................348 12.3.1 内部产生的干扰........................................................348 12.3.2 内部干扰的解决方法...................................................349 12.3.3 内部干扰案例分析..................................................350 12.4 外部干扰..................................................................351 12.4.1 外部产生的干扰........................................................351 12.4.2 外部干扰案例分析....................................................352 12.5 互调干扰................................................................355 12.5.1 互调产生的干扰.........................................................355 12.5.2 互调干扰的解决方案.....................................................356 第13 章 GSM900/1800 双频网优化...............................................358 13.1 概述......................................................................358 13.2 小区规划...............................................................359 13.3 参数规划..................................................................360 13.3.1 小区选择参数............................................................361 13.3.2 小区重选参数.............................................................363 13.3.3 小区切换参数..........................................................364 13.4 双频网优化案例.....................................................366 第14 章 话务统计..................................................368 14.1 话务统计简介...............................................368 14.2 常用网络指标说明............................................368 14.2.1 MSC 统计..................................................368 14.2.2 BSC 统计.......................................................374 14.3 网络运行指标....................................................382 14.4 话务统计指标分析...................................................383 14.4.1 整体分析思路.....................................................383 14.4.2 掉话率高的分析..................................................383 14.4.3 TCH 拥塞率高的分析...........................................385 14.4.4 SDCCH 拥塞率高的分析.........................................387 14.4.5 切换成功率低的分析..............................................389 第15 章 GSM 网络优化专题.........................................393 15.1 降低掉话.....................................................393 15.1.1 掉话原因...................................................393 15.1.2 掉话解决方法......................................................394 15.2 GSM 小区话务优化调整.........................................398 15.2.1 硬件调整.......................................................399 15.2.2 软件参数调整............................................400 15.3 单通和串音.......................................................403 15.4 接通率优化...........................................................404 15.4.1 接通率分析......................................................404 15.4.2 提高接通率.......................................................406 15.4.3 长途来话接通率..................................................408 15.5 干扰分析............................................................409 15.5.1 干扰的分类.........................................................409 15.5.2 干扰产生的原因....................................................410 15.5.3 干扰的分析及解决.....................................................411 15.6 网络优化中的常见问题及解决方法.........................................411 15.6.1 覆盖问题.................................................................412 15.6.2 居民生活小区优化.......................................................413 15.6.3 农郊网络优化............................................................416 15.7 GSM 网络优化建议......................................................422
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